The realm of web development is in a constant state of evolution, with new technologies and trends emerging at a rapid pace. Staying updated with the latest trends is crucial for web developers to remain competitive in the ever-changing landscape of web development. With the increasing prevalence of smart devices, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI), the future of web development holds immense potential for seamless user interactions, enhanced accessibility, and integration between the physical and digital worlds.

This article aims to delve into the top 10 trending web development technologies and trends for 2024, exploring the most recent advancements and innovations shaping the future of web development. From progressive web apps to voice search optimization and beyond, we’ll uncover the key trends revolutionizing how web developers write code, create advanced communication channels, and enhance user experiences across web and mobile platforms.

History & Evolution of Web Development

The field of web development has significantly advanced since its inception in the 1980s. Alongside technological progress, the strategies and practices in web development have transformed.

From the initial era of basic HTML websites to today’s sophisticated and interactive online applications, web development has adapted to meet the evolving needs of both consumers and enterprises. By examining the industry’s evolution, we can gain insights into the future and continue to improve the digital experiences we create.

Early Stage of Web Development (1980s to 2006)

The inception period of web development, spanning from the 1980s to 2006, was marked by the nascent stages of the Internet, characterized by simplistic and static web pages. This era was predominantly focused on delivering text-based content, utilizing basic HTML for structure. Websites served primarily as informational portals with scant interactivity, reflecting the limited technological capabilities of the time. Web development was a specialized domain, with practitioners relying on manual coding techniques and a sparse array of tools. The late 1990s and early 2000s witnessed a gradual evolution with the advent of CSS and JavaScript, enabling the crafting of more intricate and interactive web experiences. This period also saw the introduction of server-side technologies, such as databases like MySQL and programming languages like PHP, facilitating the development of dynamic web content that could respond to user interactions in real-time.

Potential Growth Stage of Web Development (2007 – Present)

The growth phase of web development, beginning around 2007, has been characterized by significant technological advancements and shifting user expectations. The emergence of Web 2.0 marked a paradigm shift towards interactive and user-generated content, enabling users to contribute to and engage with web content actively. This era also saw the rise of social media platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, which transformed online communication dynamics and spurred the development of sophisticated web applications. Content Management Systems (CMS) like WordPress and Drupal democratized web development, empowering non-technical individuals to create and manage their websites.

The widespread adoption of mobile devices, especially smartphones, necessitated a pivotal shift in web development towards mobile optimization. Responsive design emerged as a critical approach, ensuring that websites could adapt seamlessly to various screen sizes and resolutions, thereby enhancing the user experience on mobile platforms.

Looking ahead, the field of web development is poised for continued innovation, with trends like Progressive Web Apps (PWAs), the adoption of emerging programming languages, and the integration of virtual and augmented reality experiences. Developers are challenged to stay abreast of these evolving trends and tools to create compelling, user-friendly websites that meet the ever-changing demands of the online world.

Further reading: Web Development Team Structure & Tips to Manage

The Most Updated Web Development Trends to Keep an Eye

1. AI-Powered Development Process

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are revolutionizing web development, bringing new capabilities and opportunities. AI-powered development involves leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning to streamline and automate various aspects of the web development process. AI includes automated code generation, bug detection, and performance optimization.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought numerous benefits to website trends. One of the key advantages is the enhanced user experience it provides. AI enables websites to personalize visitors’ experiences based on their preferences, behavior, and browsing history, resulting in a more tailored and engaging interaction. Here are the benefits of Artificial Intelligence:

• Chatbots and Virtual Assistants
  AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants can handle customer queries, provide instant support, and assist with transactions, improving customer service and reducing response times.
• Advanced Search Functionality
  AI algorithms can improve website search capabilities by understanding user intent, delivering more accurate and relevant search results, and enhancing the overall navigation experience.
• Content Recommendations
  AI can analyze user behavior, preferences, and historical data to suggest personalized content, products, or services, increasing user engagement and conversion rates.
• Predictive Analytics
  AI algorithms can analyze large volumes of data to identify patterns, trends, and user behavior, enabling businesses to make data-driven decisions, optimize marketing strategies, and improve website performance.
• Automated Content Generation
  AI can assist in content creation by generating automated product descriptions, blog posts, and social media updates, saving business time and resources.

How to Ride the Trend Using AI?

Knowing how to ride the trend of AI in website development, it’s essential to stay updated with the latest AI tools and frameworks. AI constantly evolves, and new tools and frameworks are being developed to make AI integration more accessible and efficient. By informing yourself about these advancements, you can leverage the most suitable tools for your projects and stay ahead of the curve.

In addition to tools and frameworks, exploring AI-powered development platforms can be highly beneficial. These platforms provide:

• Pre-built AI modules.
• APIs.

They offer natural language processing, image recognition, recommendation systems, and more functionalities.

2. Voice Search Optimization

The escalating prevalence of voice-enabled devices and virtual assistants is reshaping the landscape of web development trends, making voice search optimization an increasingly critical focus for developers. With the proliferation of devices equipped with voice recognition technology, including smartphones, smart speakers, and wearable devices, voice search has become a ubiquitous means of accessing information.

Optimizing websites for voice search queries is paramount to ensuring visibility and relevance in this evolving digital ecosystem. Developers must recognize the importance of adapting website content and structure to align with the natural language patterns of voice search queries, thereby enhancing website accessibility and user experience. Strategies for voice search optimization encompass various aspects of website development, from incorporating conversational keywords and phrases to optimizing structured data markup for rich snippets. Here are the benefits of voice search:

• Improved User Experience
  Voice search provides a more convenient and hands-free way for users to interact with websites. By optimizing for voice search, websites can enhance the overall user experience and make it easier for visitors to find information or perform actions.
• Competitive Advantage
  Voice search optimization is still emerging, and many websites must fully embrace it. By proactively optimizing for voice search, businesses can gain a competitive advantage over their peers and position themselves as early adopters of this technology.
• Improved Accessibility
  Voice search provides an inclusive experience for users with disabilities or those who prefer hands-free interactions. Optimizing for voice search ensures that websites are accessible to a broader range of users, enhancing inclusivity and usability.
• Better Understanding of User Intent
  Voice search queries often reveal more about user intent compared to text-based queries. By analyzing voice search data, websites can gain deeper insights into user preferences, needs, and behavior, enabling them to tailor their content and offerings accordingly.
• Future-Proofing
  Voice search is expected to continue growing in popularity, and optimizing for it prepares websites for the future of search. By staying ahead of the curve and embracing voice search optimization early on, websites can adapt to changing user behaviors and technological advancements.

How to Ride the Trend of Voice Search Optimization?

There are several vital steps to follow. First, it’s essential to understand user behavior and identify the specific voice queries relevant to your website or business. Understanding user behavior involves analyzing user intent, preferences, and conversational patterns. Once you have a clear understanding, you can optimize your website for long-tail keywords often used in voice searches. These longer, more conversational queries require content that directly answers specific questions and provides concise responses.

Improving website speed and mobile optimization is crucial, as voice searches are predominantly performed on mobile devices. Ensuring that your website loads quickly is mobile-friendly, and offers smooth navigation enhances the user experience. Another critical step is implementing structured data markup, such as schema markup. Schema markup helps search engines understand the context and structure of your content, enabling them to provide more accurate and informative voice search results.

3. Progressive Web Apps (PWAs)

Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) have emerged as a pivotal trend in web development, offering many advantages for delivering fast, reliable, and engaging user experiences.

These innovative web applications combine the newest web development technologies with the best features of web and mobile applications, providing users with seamless interactions across various devices and platforms. Here are the benefits of Progressive Web Apps:

• Cross-Platform Compatibility
  PWAs are built using web technologies such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, making them compatible across different platforms and devices. They can work seamlessly on various operating systems, including desktops, mobile devices, and tablets.
• Offline Functionality
  One of the critical advantages of PWAs is their ability to function offline or in low-connectivity environments. They leverage caching and data storage capabilities, allowing users to access content and perform tasks without an active internet connection.
• App-Like Experience
  PWAs offer an app-like experience to users without requiring them to download and install a separate application from an app store. They can be added to the device’s home screen and accessed with a single tap, eliminating the need for cumbersome installations.
• Push Notifications
  PWAs can leverage push notifications to engage and re-engage users, even when not browsing the app. PWAs enable businesses to deliver personalized messages, updates, and promotions, enhancing user retention and driving conversions.

How to Ride the Trend of Progressive Web Apps (PWAs)?

To ride the trend of Progressive Web Apps (PWAs):

1. Please educate yourself about their capabilities and advantages, such as cross-platform compatibility, offline functionality, and app-like experiences.
2. Consider factors such as target audience, user experience goals, and the functionality you want to offer.
3. Evaluate whether a PWA aligns with your business objectives and if it can provide a better user experience compared to traditional websites or native apps.

Gather insights on user engagement, conversion rates, and user satisfaction to iterate and enhance your PWA over time. Stay updated with the latest trends and advancements in PWA development to ensure your app remains competitive and aligned with user expectations.

4. Blockchain Integration

One of the top web development trends is the integration of blockchain technology. Web developers are exploring various use cases of blockchain in their projects, including decentralized identity verification and secure transactions. By leveraging blockchain, web applications can offer users enhanced data privacy and security. This web development trend has significant potential benefits for eCommerce platforms and financial services, as it can improve trust and transparency in transactions.

However, implementing blockchain solutions in web development projects has challenges and considerations. Developers must address scalability issues, ensure compatibility with existing web technologies, and navigate regulatory frameworks. Despite these challenges, the adoption of blockchain in web development is expected to grow, driven by the increasing demand for secure and trustworthy online experiences. The benefits of blockchain integration are:

• Improved Transparency and Accountability
  Blockchain enables transparent and auditable transactions. Every transaction recorded on the blockchain is visible to all participants, fostering trust and accountability among stakeholders.
• Traceability and Supply Chain Management
  Blockchain allows for end-to-end traceability, enabling businesses to track and verify the movement and authenticity of products in the supply chain to improve accountability, reduce counterfeiting, and enhance trust among consumers.
• Data Integrity and Privacy
  Blockchain ensures data integrity by providing a tamper-proof record of transactions. Personal data can be stored securely on the blockchain, with users having control over their information and granting permission for access.
• Faster and More Secure Transactions
  Blockchain eliminates the need for intermediaries and manual verification processes, resulting in faster and more efficient transactions. Additionally, blockchain’s cryptographic algorithms ensure secure and authenticated transactions.

How to Ride the Trend of Blockchain Integration?

To effectively integrate blockchain technology into your business, start by deeply understanding its fundamentals and assessing its relevance across various platforms to find one that aligns with your objectives. Identify specific areas in your industry where blockchain can enhance transparency, efficiency, and security. Engage with blockchain experts to navigate the technical and practical aspects of implementation and stay informed about regulatory requirements to ensure compliance. Initially, develop a small-scale proof of concept to validate the benefits and feasibility of blockchain in your operations. Additionally, consider forming partnerships with organizations already utilizing blockchain to gain insights, share resources, and collectively navigate the adoption process more effectively.

5. Motion UI and Micro-interactions 

Another significant trend in web development trend is the adoption of Motion UI and micro-interactions to create interactive and visually engaging user interfaces. Web developers recognize the importance of capturing users’ attention and providing an immersive experience. Motion UI design principles and micro-interactions are leveraged to enhance user engagement and create a seamless user experience.

Motion UI involves animations, transitions, and dynamic effects to bring web pages to life. It adds an element of interactivity and visual appeal, making the user interface more engaging and memorable. By incorporating smooth animations and subtle transitions, developers can guide users’ attention, provide feedback, and create a sense of fluidity throughout the website. The benefits of Motion UI and micro-interactions are:

• Enhanced User Engagement
  Motion UI and micro-interactions add visual interest and interactivity to user interfaces, capturing users’ attention and encouraging them to engage with the content. These dynamic elements create a more immersive and enjoyable experience.
• Improved User Feedback
  Micro-interactions provide instant feedback to users, acknowledging their actions and guiding them through the interface. This feedback helps users understand the system’s response and provides a sense of control and confidence in their interactions.
• Visual Hierarchy and Focus
  Motion UI can guide users’ attention and establish a visual hierarchy within the interface. By animating elements strategically, designers can direct users’ focus to important information or actions, improving usability and comprehension.
• Delightful and Memorable Experiences
  Thoughtful and well-executed motion UI and micro-interactions can leave a lasting impression on users. When interactions are smooth, intuitive, and visually appealing, they create a sense of delight, making the experience more memorable and increasing user satisfaction.
• Brand Differentiation
  Motion UI and micro-interactions offer an opportunity to showcase your brand’s personality and differentiate it from competitors. By incorporating unique animations and interactions that align with your brand’s style and values, you can create a distinct and recognizable user experience.

How to Ride the Trend of Motion UI and Micro-Interactions?

To optimize user interfaces, start by studying your target audience to understand their preferences and behaviors, focusing on how motion design and micro-interactions can meet their needs and enhance their experience. It’s crucial to keep up with the latest trends in motion UI and micro-interactions by following design blogs, attending relevant conferences, and participating in design communities. Identify where in your application or website these elements can improve visual feedback, engagement, and storytelling. Then, plan and prototype using tools like Adobe XD or InVision to visualize and test these interactions. Continuously iterate on your designs based on feedback from users, stakeholders, and design experts to ensure the motion UI elements align with user expectations and enhance the overall experience.

6. Cybersecurity Measures

Cybersecurity has become a critical concern in web development as the digital landscape evolves. With escalating concerns over cyber threats and data breaches, implementing robust security measures has become a top priority for web developers. Web developers are incorporating a range of security protocols, encryption techniques, and authentication mechanisms to safeguard sensitive user data. Developers can mitigate the risk of unauthorized access and protect user privacy by implementing secure coding practices, leveraging encryption algorithms, and employing robust authentication methods.

Compliance with regulatory standards such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) is also crucial. Web developers ensure their websites and applications adhere to these standards to safeguard user data and privacy rights. The benefits of Cybersecurity are:

• Data Protection
  Cybersecurity measures help safeguard sensitive data from unauthorized access, theft, or manipulation. By implementing encryption, access controls, and secure data storage practices, businesses can protect valuable information such as customer data, intellectual property, and trade secrets.
• Prevention of Financial Loss
  Cybersecurity measures mitigate the risk of financial losses due to cyberattacks. By preventing unauthorized access to economic systems, securing online transactions, and implementing fraud detection mechanisms, businesses can minimize the potential financial impact of cyber threats.
• Safeguarding Reputational Integrity
  A robust cybersecurity posture contributes to maintaining a company’s reputation. By protecting customer data and preventing data breaches or security incidents, businesses can avoid negative publicity, customer loss, and damage to their brand image.
• Compliance with Regulations
  Cybersecurity measures ensure compliance with industry-specific regulations and data protection laws. By implementing security controls and practices aligned with regulatory requirements, businesses can avoid penalties, legal consequences, and reputational damage from non-compliance.
• Business Continuity
  Cybersecurity measures help maintain business operations during and after a cyber incident. By implementing robust backup and disaster recovery solutions, businesses can quickly restore systems and data, minimizing downtime and ensuring continuity of operations.

How to Ride the Trend of Cybersecurity Measures?

Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify and evaluate vulnerabilities and threats in your systems. Based on this, develop a cybersecurity strategy aligned with your business goals, focusing on prevention, detection, response, and recovery from cyber incidents. Prioritize employee education on cyber threats and safe practices to build a culture of security awareness. Implement strong access controls and multi-factor authentication to restrict unauthorized access, and ensure all software is regularly updated with the latest security patches. Enhance network security with firewalls and intrusion detection systems, and keep a vigilant eye on network traffic to quickly address any suspicious activities.

7. Immersive Technologies (AR/VR)

Immersive technologies, such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), are rapidly emerging as influential trends in web development. These technologies enable captivating and interactive experiences that bridge the gap between the physical and digital worlds.

Here are the benefits of immersive technologies, followed by a list of benefits and steps to ride the trend:

• Enhanced User Experiences
  AR/VR technologies provide immersive and interactive experiences that captivate users and improve engagement. They enable users to visualize and interact with virtual objects or environments, creating a heightened sense of presence and realism.
• Training and Education
  Immersive technologies revolutionize training and education by offering realistic simulations and virtual environments. They allow learners to practice skills, experience real-life scenarios, and gain hands-on training in a safe and controlled setting.
• Visualization and Design
  AR/VR can aid in visualizing complex data, designs, or architectural plans. They enable stakeholders to explore and interact with virtual models, helping to improve decision-making, collaboration, and design iterations.

How to Ride the Trend of Immersive Technologies (AR/VR)?

Explore your industry and identify where AR/VR could enhance experiences, such as in user engagement, training, visualization, or collaboration. Conduct studies to evaluate the viability and potential returns of AR/VR projects, considering technology readiness and costs. Set specific goals for what you want to achieve with these technologies, like boosting customer interaction or improving training outcomes. Work with AR/VR specialists to create experiences that meet your business objectives. Begin with small pilot projects or proofs of concept to test AR/VR’s effectiveness in your context. Ensure you have the necessary hardware and infrastructure, like VR headsets or AR glasses, and prioritize user experience in the development of AR/VR applications, focusing on intuitive design and realistic visuals. Provide training for users to facilitate adoption and manage the transition. Lastly, stay current with AR/VR advancements by engaging with the community and attending industry events to incorporate the latest innovations.

8. Serverless Architecture

Serverless architecture offers numerous benefits for modern application development and deployment. Here’s a paragraph summarizing its advantages, followed by a list of benefits and steps to ride the trend:

Serverless architecture, or Function as a Service (FaaS), revolutionizes application development and deployment by abstracting away the infrastructure layer. With serverless, developers can focus on writing code for specific functions or features without the need to manage or provision servers. This approach offers several benefits, such as improved scalability, reduced operational overhead, and increased development speed. By utilizing serverless architecture, organizations can optimize resource utilization, enhance cost efficiency, and deliver applications that can quickly scale to meet demand. Additionally, serverless architectures promote a more modular and decoupled design, enabling teams to develop and deploy features independently, facilitating faster time-to-market and promoting agility. The benefits of Serverless Architecture are:

• Scalability
  Serverless architectures can automatically scale up or down based on demand, allowing applications to handle sudden spikes in traffic without manual intervention. This scalability eliminates the need to provision and manage servers, ensuring optimal resource utilization and cost efficiency.
• Reduced Operational Overhead
  With serverless, organizations delegating infrastructure management tasks to the cloud provider can reduce the operational burden on development teams, allowing them to focus on writing code and delivering business value instead of managing servers, operating systems, and networking.
• Cost Efficiency
  Serverless architectures offer cost benefits by charging based on actual usage rather than pre-allocated resources. Organizations only pay for the execution time and resources consumed during function invocations, which can result in significant cost savings, especially for applications with varying workloads.
• Increased Development Speed
  Serverless architectures enable faster development cycles by abstracting away infrastructure concerns. Developers can focus on writing code for specific functions or features, leveraging pre-built services and integrations provided by the serverless platform, which accelerates development and reduces time-to-market.
• Improved Scalability and Fault Tolerance
  Serverless platforms handle the scaling and fault tolerance aspects, ensuring that applications remain highly available and resilient. The underlying infrastructure automatically manages load balancing, fault recovery, and monitoring, freeing developers from these concerns.

How to Ride the Trend of Serverless Architecture?

To effectively utilize serverless architecture, first pinpoint applications within your system that could benefit from its scalability and cost-effective model. Break down these applications into smaller, manageable functions for more efficient execution. Choose a serverless platform that meets your needs, considering factors like language support and integration capabilities. Design your applications to be event-driven, taking advantage of managed services to streamline development and reduce maintenance. Prioritize security and ensure your team adheres to best practices to safeguard your applications. Use monitoring tools to track performance and optimize as necessary. Finally, integrate DevOps practices to enhance your development lifecycle and encourage ongoing learning within your team to keep up with serverless advancements.

9. Green Web Development Trends

Green web development is an emerging trend driven by the growing awareness of the environmental impact of digital technologies. By adopting strategies to optimize web performance, reduce energy consumption, and minimize the carbon footprint of single-page applications, developers can contribute to a more sustainable digital ecosystem. The availability of tools and techniques further facilitates eco-friendly web development practices, enabling developers to analyze and optimize their environmental impact effectively.

Here are the benefits of green web development trends:

• Reduced Carbon Footprint
  Businesses can significantly reduce their carbon footprint by adopting green web development practices. Optimizing code, minimizing server load, and implementing energy-efficient technologies help decrease energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions.
• Cost Savings
  Green web development practices often result in cost savings. By optimizing code and minimizing resource usage, websites and digital applications require fewer server resources, reducing hosting and operational costs.
• Improved Performance
  Implementing green web development principles can enhance website performance. By optimizing code, reducing page size, and improving server response times, websites load faster, providing a better user experience and reducing bounce rates.
• Regulatory Compliance
  Green web development aligns with environmental regulations and sustainability goals set by governments and organizations worldwide. Companies ensure compliance and avoid legal and reputational risks by adhering to these standards.
• Innovation and Future-Proofing
  Green web development trends drive innovation in the industry. Embracing eco-friendly technologies and practices encourages the development of sustainable solutions, future-proofing businesses, and positioning them as leaders in the field.

How to Ride the Wave of Green Web Development Trends?

To create more sustainable and environmentally friendly websites, start by optimizing your code and assets to reduce their size, which in turn minimizes bandwidth usage and improves site performance. Choose hosting providers that utilize energy-efficient infrastructures and prioritize renewable energy sources. When designing websites, apply sustainable principles like minimalist layouts and efficient coding to reduce resource use. Enhance server and database operations for better efficiency and lower energy consumption, and adopt responsive design to ensure your site adapts efficiently to various devices, eliminating the need for multiple versions. Engage users by raising awareness about the environmental impact of digital activities and promote energy-saving habits. Seek collaborations with partners committed to sustainability, sharing green practices and innovations. Lastly, regularly evaluate the environmental impact of your web projects, using tools to monitor energy use and carbon output, setting goals for improvement to lessen your digital carbon footprint.

Further reading: Best Cheap Hosting for WordPress (Updated)

10. Inclusive Design and Accessibility

In the realm of web development, inclusive design and accessibility stand out as pivotal trends, underscoring the importance of crafting digital environments that are welcoming and usable for everyone, irrespective of their abilities or disabilities. This approach not only broadens the user base by making web products accessible to people with a range of needs and preferences but also aligns with legal and ethical standards, ensuring compliance and fostering a positive social image. Here are the benefits of inclusive design and accessibility :

• Expanded User Base: Incorporating accessibility and inclusive design principles opens up your digital offerings to a wider audience, including those with disabilities, thereby tapping into a more diverse customer pool and meeting varied user needs.
• Legal and Ethical Compliance: Adhering to accessibility standards is both a moral obligation and a legal requirement in numerous regions, helping businesses avoid legal pitfalls and reinforcing their commitment to social responsibility.
• Innovation and Creativity: The drive to meet the diverse needs of all users encourages developers and designers to innovate, leading to creative solutions and enhancements in web product design.
• Enhanced Brand Reputation: Prioritizing accessibility reflects an organization’s dedication to inclusivity, positively impacting its brand image and fostering trust among a broader spectrum of users.
• Competitive Advantage: By offering accessible and inclusively designed web services and products, businesses can distinguish themselves in the marketplace, accessing untapped market segments and gaining an edge over competitors.

How to Ride the Trend of Inclusive Design and Accessibility?

Embracing inclusive design and accessibility in web development starts with educating your team on accessibility standards and the diverse needs of users. Assess your web offerings and develop a plan to integrate accessibility features. Involving users with different abilities in your design and testing processes ensures your solutions are truly user-centric. Implement accessibility best practices from the start, using tools and manual testing to ensure compliance and usability. Cultivating a culture that values inclusivity is crucial, making accessibility a core aspect of your development process and organizational ethos. This approach not only enhances user experience but also ensures legal compliance and broadens your audience.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the top 10 new web development technologies and trends in 2024 have brought significant advancements and opportunities for developers. By staying informed, embracing innovation, and experimenting with emerging technologies, developers can navigate the evolving landscape of web development and create impactful and cutting-edge web experiences.

For those looking to harness these trends and create impactful, cutting-edge web experiences, especially within the WordPress ecosystem, seeking expertise from specialized consultants like Polar Mass can be a game-changer. Our tailored WordPress consulting service can provide the guidance and support needed to navigate these trends effectively, ensuring your web projects are not only current but also future-proof.

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